Agate Type

louis bellinger and central baseball park

Louis A. S. Bellinger and Alexander McDonald Williams

A couple of years ago Geri Strecker published a fantastic article on Greenlee Field, home of the Pittsburgh Crawfords, in the pages of Black Ball: A Journal of the Negro Leagues.  It’s an absolute must-read, if you can get your hands on a copy.  In it, among other things, Geri shows how the park was designed and built by a prominent African American architect, Louis A. S. Bellinger, meaning that Greenlee Field was, as it were, a black production from start to finish.

As it turns out, Greenlee Field wasn’t the only Negro league ballpark that could be characterized this way.  Cleveland’s Tate Field (later Hooper Field), for example, was built in 1921 by a black contractor named George Roven Hooper.  We don’t (yet) know who built Stars Park in St. Louis or Lewis Park in Memphis in 1922, Giants Park in St. Louis in 1919, or Hilldale Park in 1914, so it’s quite possible that African American architects and/or contractors were involved in those projects as well.

But we do know about one other Negro league ballpark.  Last spring Dr. McDonald “Mac” Williams, English professor and the son of Pittsburgh Keystones owner Alexander McDonald Williams, submitted an official proposal to the Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission for a state marker to be placed on the site of his father’s ballpark, Central Baseball Park.  As part of his application, he included several fascinating documents from his father’s files, including player contracts, financial statements…and receipts for lumber purchased during the building of the ballpark.  Here’s one of them:

That’s Louis A. Bellinger, and the lumber is being delivered to the approximate location of Central Park, Chauncey and Wylie.  (The date in August is actually after the ballpark hosted its first game on July 24, 1920, but newspapers noted at the time that the park was not yet finished.)  When Gus Greenlee hired Bellinger to build a home for his Crawfords in 1932, he was engaging the services of a man already experienced in ballpark design and construction, because Bellinger had built Greenlee Field’s predecessor, Central Baseball Park.

The Keystones’ ballpark also marks an important passage in Bellinger’s career, as it seems to have been his first major commission as an architect.  To my mind, this adds another justification for a historical marker, as Central Park carries significance in both the sports and the architectural history of Pittsburgh.  Unfortunately, like most of Bellinger’s work, Central Park no longer exists; its location has apparently been a vacant lot since at least the 1930s:

(From Google Maps)

It also strikes me that Greenlee Field is misunderstood if it’s thought to be a pioneering enterprise, the “first” of anything.  In fact the Crawfords’ ballpark was actually a backwards-looking enterprise, an attempted revival of the golden age of the Negro leagues in the 1920s.  With the collapse of Rube Foster’s NNL and the Eastern Colored League, black teams in the 1930s turned more and more to barnstorming, and instead of building their own parks they rented major and minor league venues.  Greenlee Field was not the first of its kind, but the last.  Its demolition in 1938 marked the end of a particular dream of black self-sufficiency, and served as a harbinger of the age of integration that was to follow.

mohawk park

Here’s another entry in the list of ballparks built especially for Negro league teams, joining Central Baseball Park and Greenlee Field (Pittsburgh), Giants Park and Stars Park (St. Louis), Lewis Park (Memphis), and Tate Field (Cleveland), among others. After playing a season at Island Park, a once and future semipro venue located on Van Slyck Island in the Mohawk River, the Schenectady Mohawk Giants were taken over in 1914 by a local businessman named Samuel R. Flansburgh. He determined to build the Mohawks their own park in Rotterdam, just beyond Schenectady’s southern boundary, at the end of the Broadway trolley line.

(Schenectady Gazette, March 25, 1914, p. 12)

Work was completed by the end of April, and Mohawk Park was opened on Saturday, May 2, by a game between the Mohawks and a new club, the New York Colored Giants. The Mohawks crushed them 17 to 0, and then followed up with a more restrained 10 to 2 victory on Sunday. Unfortunately this would be the last major black club to visit Schenectady in 1914, a marked contrast with 1913, which saw the Paterson Smart Set, New York Lincoln Giants, Philadelphia Giants, Brooklyn Royal Giants, and Cuban Giants of Buffalo all visit Island Park. Forced into a long road trip to find opponents, the Mohawks hemorrhaged money and finally fell apart in August.

(Schenectady Gazette, August 11, 1914, p. 7)

It turns out that the Mohawks’ troubles may have been caused by the Schenectady County sheriff, Louis A. Welch, who was determined to stop Sunday baseball at Mohawk Park. After the season Flansburgh actually sued Welch (unsuccessfully) for damaging his business.

(Schenectady Gazette, November 11, 1914, p. 12)

Flansburgh lost his lease on Mohawk Park the following year, but the ballpark continued to exist for a number of years, renamed Electric City Park, after the larger amusement complex on whose grounds it had been built.

photos of kuebler’s park, st. louis, ca. 1909

Courtesy of Dwayne Isgrig, here are some photos of Kuebler’s Park, intermittent home of the St. Louis Giants from 1908 through 1915.  Dwayne obtained them from the granddaughter of Henry Kuebler, brother of Conrad Kuebler, financial backer of the Giants through much of this period.

It might be hard to see, but a close examination of the buildings in the background show that this is indeed the same ballpark that appears in this photo from the Indianapolis Freeman.  They also seem to match up with the buildings that line the opposite side of Pope Avenue in the 1908 fire insurance map of St. Louis found by Kevin Johnson.

kuebler park, st. louis, 1909

Here’s a photograph of the St. Louis Giants’ Kuebler Park in 1909, from the Indianapolis Freeman (June 12, 1909).  It’s not a great image, but it is a pretty unusual shot of a Negro league game in progress with a broad view of the small ballpark.

And here, from the same page, is a team photo of the St. Louis Giants themselves.  Again, a bad image (you can barely make out their faces), though you can get a decent idea of what their uniforms looked like.

tate field / hooper field, cleveland

The Pittsburgh Crawfords’ Greenlee Field, built in 1932, has often been said to be the “first African American owned stadium in the Negro Leagues” (as its state marker has it), or the “first black-built and black-owned major league baseball field in the United States” (as some other sources have it).    As it turns out, several other, older ballparks fulfilled one or both requirements: Lewis Park in Memphis (opened in 1922), Central Park in Pittsburgh (opened in 1920), and Giants Park in St. Louis (opened in 1919), were all built on the initiative of African American businessmen and controlled by them or by the black-owned baseball clubs they housed.  And, while I don’t know the architects or contractors for Lewis Park or Giants Park, Central Park was, like Greenlee Field, designed and constructed by a black architect (more on this soon).

Tate Field in Cleveland, opened in 1921, was yet another park that belongs to this group.  The Tate Stars, run by shirt shop proprietor George J. Tate, had been around for a few years when, in 1920, he convinced a group of investors to back an effort to attain league status.

Tate and company hired Candy Jim Taylor from the Dayton Marcos as player-manager and acquired five acres of land on Beyerle Road.  The man they chose to build the park was a carpenter and contractor named George Roven Hooper (1880-1958), who was born in Canada to American parents—one might hazard a guess that his family had been fugitive slaves who fled to Canada before the Civil War. 

Here, courtesy of Kevin Johnson, is a partial view of the park from a Sanborn fire insurance map:



(The street in the bottom right corner is Sykora Rd.)

Tate Field opened on June 4, 1921, with a game against the Pittsburgh Keystones (another team with its own park), Cleveland winning 8 to 3. 

  

The park played host to the Tate Stars for three seasons, including one year (1922) as a full member of the Negro National League, finishing sixth.  After the 1923 season the Tate Stars fell apart, to be replaced by a new team, run by Sol White, called the Cleveland Browns.  The Browns retained Tate Field, but the name was changed to Hooper Field after its builder (perhaps reflecting Hooper’s ownership stake in the ballpark and/or the team).

The Browns lost their NNL franchise for 1925, and Hooper Field played host to several independent pro or semi-pro teams that season before the city again mustered up NNL entries for 1926 and 1927, the Elites and Hornets, respectively.  Both played in Hooper Field.

In 1928 the Cleveland Tigers decided to try a change of venue, moving to Luna Park. Hooper Field still existed as late as 1932, but the Cleveland Cubs (1931) used Cleveland Stadium and Cleveland Hardware Field (E. 79th and Kinsman), and the Cleveland Red Sox rented League Park in 1934.  Today a golf course occupies the space where Hooper Field used to stand.

catholic protectory oval

One of the most remarkable settings for Negro league baseball was the Catholic Protectory Oval in the Bronx, home of the New York Lincoln Giants in the 1920s.  The Lincolns’ original home, Olympic Field in Harlem, had been built by the club’s founders, Roderick James “Jess” McMahon and his brother Edward*, for their white semipro club, the Olympic A.C., back in 1905.  The McMahons lost control of both Olympic Field and the Lincoln Giants in 1915, founding a new black club, the Lincoln Stars, which played at Lenox Oval for a couple of seasons.  The Lincoln Giants, under the ownership of James J. Keenan and Charles Harvey, continued at Olympic until 1920.

(*-Jess McMahon was eventually best known as a boxing and wrestling promoter, an associate of Tex Rickard and Carlos Henriquez.  You’ve heard of his grandson.)

At the start of the 1920 season Olympic Field was torn down, and its bleachers were transferred to the ball field at the Catholic Protectory, a famous orphanage in the Bronx.  Sunday semipro and amateur games had been played there for a couple of decades, but the coming of the famous African-American team would bring much larger crowds.

Here’s an illustration of the Catholic Protectory from sometime before 1920, with the Oval situated in the center left.  The outfield bleachers had not been installed yet.  (From Lawrence Ritter’s East Side, West Side: Tales of New York Sporting Life, 1910-1960.)

Here’s a diagram from a Sanborn fire insurance map, showing the Oval in 1929, the year the Lincolns joined the American Negro League, the short-lived successor to the Eastern Colored League:

And here, courtesy of Kevin Johnson (who has written a couple of posts on the 1928 Negro leagues), is a fantastic aerial photo of the Catholic Protectory Oval in 1924, the Lincolns’ second season in the ECL:

The scorekeeper’s table was placed under the trees visible here along the right field line.

Aside from the neo-Gothic architecture surrounding it, the other unusual feature of the Oval was its cramped shape.  Kevin asked the ballpark expert Ron Selter, author of Ballparks of the Deadball Era, to estimate the dimensions.  This is what he came up with:

LF 180
SLF 238
LC 358 (deepest point in park)
CF 292 (the HP-CF axis hit the CF end of the RF-CF bleachers)
RC 286
SRF 256
RF 180

Ron remarked (to Kevin) that it reminded him of “a miniature version of the playing field at the Polo Grounds.”

The data I’ve gathered definitely suggests that the Catholic Protectory Oval increased offense by huge amounts.  Any hitter with the Lincoln Giants in the 1920s—I’m looking at you, Chino Smith—probably saw his stats greatly inflated by the park, in the midst of what was already a very high-scoring era.

The Lincoln Giants’ successors in the 1930s, most notably the New York Black Yankees, moved to other venues; and in 1938 the Catholic Protectory was razed to make way for the Parkchester Apartments.

UPDATE 3/1/2011 Corrected dates on the map & aerial photo.

giants park, st. louis 1919-1922

What I’d originally intended as a couple of posts about the ballparks used by the St. Louis Giants, especially Giants Park (1919-1922), has turned into a kind of impromptu history of the Giants themselves.  The most important thing I hadn’t realized in taking up this subject was just how many obstacles the team faced over the years, far more than any other northern Negro league team of the era that I’m aware of.  From their beginnings in 1906 through 1918, the Giants had to contend with rapacious white financial backers, the resentment of local white semipro teams, difficulties finding a home field, hostility and outright interference from the major-league St. Louis Browns, and the vicious race riots in East St. Louis in 1917.

But Charlie Mills and the Giants persevered, and in 1919 things finally took a turn for the better.  Mills was able to lure back a number of the team’s stars from previous years, and the owners put up the capital to build an entirely new field for the Giants.  This new Giants Park was adjacent to the old Kuebler’s Park (itself also known as Giants Park), and stood at the corner of North Broadway and East Clarence Avenue, bounded by Prescott Avenue in left field and Holly Avenue in right, and across the street from O’Fallon Park, a public park.  Here are a couple of articles from the St. Louis Argus, the first from April 25, 1919 (p. 4), the second from May 2, 1919 (p. 4).

 

(Click to enlarge either story.)

Note that motion pictures were to be made of the first game in the new park, vs. the Mexico (Mo.) Grays, a white semipro team.  As it happens, the originally scheduled date (Sunday, May 11) was rained out, but the game went on the following day, when the ballpark was dedicated.  You have to wonder: does any footage of opening day 1919 in Giants Park still exist somewhere?

Here’s another piece from the Argus the following spring (May 28, 1920), discussing an expansion of the ballpark made in preparation for the first season of the Negro National League.  Here we find confirmation that the grandstand was built at the corner of Clarence and Broadway, with bleachers in the outfield, and Holly Avenue as a boundary.

(Many, many thanks to Patrick Rock and Dwayne Isgrig for providing material from St. Louis newspapers for this period.)

And here’s a Sanborn fire insurance map from 1931 showing the location of Giants Park, though no ballpark is depicted (East Clarence Avenue is on the left margin; Holly Avenue runs between lot 3446, where the park was located, and lot 3445):

The dimensions noted in the Argus (400 x 560 feet) seem right for the distance between North Broadway and Prescott, which were about 400 feet; but 560 feet the other way would extend considerably beyond Holly Avenue, and seems to indicate a pretty deep right field fence.  At the same time, I’ve seen a number of mentions of home runs hit over the right field fence (usually by Charlie Blackwell or, in 1921, Oscar Charleston), so it probably was not that deep.

The St. Louis Giants played their home games in this park through both their seasons in the Negro National League, including the very successful Charleston-led squad of 1921, before Mills was ousted before the 1922 season and the NNL St. Louis franchise awarded to a new group led by Richard Keys and Samuel Shepherd.  They changed the team’s name to the Stars and, because Giants Park was still rather distant from the city’s major black neighborhoods, made plans for a new park at Compton and Market.  This would be Stars Park, with the famous trolley car barn impinging on left field.  The old Giants Park became the home of the St. Louis Tigers, a Negro Southern League Club; but because Stars Park was not ready until July, 1922, the Stars (featuring rookie southpaws Cool Papa Bell and Earl C. Gurley) played their first nine home games at the old field.

Giants Park apparently still existed for a number of years, and in 1937, when Dizzy Dismukes managed a new version of the St. Louis Stars in the Negro American League, the team used the site, now called Metropolitan Park, as its home field.  By 1950, however, the space had been taken over by the McCabe and Powers Auto Body Company.  Today no sign of Giants Park is left.

(Thanks to Kevin Johnson, who started the search for Giants Park and other Negro league ballparks in St. Louis.)

a brief and incomplete history of st. louis giants’ ballparks, part II

Here (finally) is the sequel to my post on the early St. Louis Giants’ ballparks.  The third (and concluding) part should be up tomorrow.

From 1911 through 1915, the St. Louis Giants apparently played at several of the ballparks mentioned in the last post: Handlan’s Park; Kavanaugh’s Athletic Park; and Kuebler’s Park, which was sometimes also known as Giants Park.  As late as 1915, Conrad Kuebler was again apparently the team’s main financial backer, though it’s unclear how consistent this relationship was during the early 1910s.

None of the aforementioned locations proved to be permanent, and in 1916 the Giants’ ballpark situation deteriorated dramatically.  Their earliest games that season were played at the Christian Brothers College diamond.  Later, when local semipro baseball promoter Eddie Brock stepped in as the team’s financial backer, they began playing ball at Brock’s Park at 3600 South Broadway.  Brock arranged a number of four-team doubleheaders, with local white semipro teams pairing off in the opening game and the Giants facing their opponents (black or white) in the second game.  The white clubs, however, objected strenuously to their games serving essentially as opening acts for a black team, and the Giants soon moved their home games back to Handlan’s Park, which had been expanded and refurbished for use by the Federal League’s St. Louis Terriers, and was now known as Federal League Park.

The stadium was still owned by its namesake, Mr. Handlan, but Phil Ball, owner of the Terriers, maintained his lease on the park, even after the Federal League folded following the conclusion of the 1915 season.  Ball bought the American League’s Browns and their home field, Sportsman’s Park.  It was evidently Ball who hired out the now vacated Federal League Park to the St. Louis Giants in late summer, 1916; but by the following spring he had come to regret doing so.  Eddie Brock, still the Giants’ main financial backer at this point, secured a five-year lease starting when Ball’s lease was set to expire, on April 9, 1917.  The St. Louis Argus (April 6, 1917, p. 8) picks up the story from here:

“Brock has been having some trouble with Phil Ball, owner of the Browns, who it seems is anxious to keep the Negro team out of the park at Grand and Laclede.  Brock has signed the leading stars on the diamond for this season and the Giants bid fair to outdraw the American League Club.  Ball’s lease expires April 9 and to handicap the colored club he attempted to remove the seats from the grandstand.  This being against the law and contrary to agreement with Mr. Handlan [still the park’s owner], [Ball] was enjoined by Brock.” (Thanks to Dwayne Isgrig for sending me this story.)

From late July through September, 1916, the St. Louis Giants had played major black opponents in Federal Park on the same day the Browns were in town at least 15 times.  I don’t have any attendance figures for the Giants’ games, so it’s not clear how likely it was that they might have outdrawn the Browns, but there is definitely support for the notion that Ball might have feared the Giants’ cutting into his receipts.

I don’t know exactly what happened then.  Perhaps Ball was able to prolong his lease on the park, or maybe Brock changed his plans, but for whatever reason the Giants were never able to play in Federal League Park that season.  They used Brock’s Park a few times early on, along with Polo Park in East St. Louis (19th St. and Lynch Avenue). 

So the Giants soldiered on through active hostility from the St. Louis Browns.  But that would not be their most formidable obstacle in 1917.  On May 20 the Giants faced the Nebraska Indians at Polo Park, edging former major league pitcher Jim Bluejacket 7 to 6.  Eight days later a riot broke out in East St. Louis, as gangs of whites, angered by the importation of black workers from the South as strikebreakers, attacked random black people in the street as well as black-owned or patronized businesses (saloons, barber shops, restaurants).  The governor of Illinois had to call out the National Guard.  Unsurprisingly, the St. Louis Giants appear not to have used Polo Park again that season.  Coincidentally or not, the team appears to have lost a number of its best players around this time, as men such as Jimmie Lyons, Charlie Blackwell, Bill Gatewood, and captain Bill Pettus moved on to other major black teams.

By late June the Giants were attempting to reorganize, with Charlie Mills again as business manager.  Eddie Brock was evidently out of the picture and the club was now backed by black capital, with a saloon owner named Langston Harrison and another man named John H. Haynes behind the venture.  But on July 1 violence broke out again in East St. Louis, this time more vicious and on a much grander scale.  Between 100 and 150 black people were shot, burned, beaten, and clubbed to death by white rioters in what the St. Louis Globe-Democrat called a “blood orgy.”

In the wake of such insanity, the St. Louis Giants appear to have kept a low profile in the St. Louis area, if they played at all after June.  In 1918, with the aftermath of the riots as well as World War I taking center stage, Mills seems to have chosen not to field a team at all.  But the following year everything changed.

a brief and incomplete history of st. louis giants ballparks, part I

The St. Louis Giants were apparently already in existence as an amateur or semipro club when a local bank messenger named Charles Alexander Mills took over their management in 1906.  The team was “merely a joke,” he would write for the St. Louis Argus in 1919, “playing from lot to lot, and receiving nothing more than car fare and a few small tokens, which were picked up by managers off bets.”  If he wanted to make more of the club, Mills realized he would need access to capital.  “I tried everyone whom I thought had a few dollars.  The result, ‘nothing doing’.  My next move was a visit to Conrad Kuebler (white), who at that time owned a baseball park known as Kuebler’s park.”  To Mills’s surprise, Kuebler agreed to fund the Giants—but he cut a hard bargain, demanding nearly all profits, with Mills to do all the work of handling the club.

Here’s a note from the Indianapolis Freeman (March 14, 1908):

The “National Colored Baseball League” did not come to fruition, but Kuebler did succeed in organizing a league of six local black clubs, which a couple of months later the Freeman claimed “has been wonderfully successful financially.”  This aside, our takeaway for the moment is the remark that Kuebler owned “two large ball parks,” one of which he had recently built specifically for “league games”—because this last park was the St. Louis Giants’ first home field, widely reported by numerous sources over several years to have been “Kuebler’s Park” at 6100 North Broadway.

The trouble is, this address, according to a Sanborn fire insurance map made in 1908, was then clearly not the location of a ballpark:

Kevin Johnson, however, found what is apparently a ballpark two blocks away, bounded by Prescott, Pope, and Clarence avenues.  And in the 1992 edition of Green Cathedrals, Phil Lowry locates Kuebler’s Park at exactly this location.

Could this park be Kuebler’s Park after all, even though it was actually located at 6100 (or really something like 6032) Prescott, rather than 6100 North Broadway?

Whether it was or not, the St. Louis Giants wouldn’t remain there for long.  In 1910, according to the former Giants’ first baseman H. P. Warmack, the team began to play in Timothy Kavanaugh’s “Athletic park” (Freeman, September 9, 1911).  A book called Missouri’s Black Heritage locates this park on Garrison and North Market, which is quite easy to find.  Here it is, on a 1909 Sanborn map:



An African-American team (possibly the Giants, possibly another club) also played at Handlan’s Park at the corner of Grand and Laclede avenues in the summer of 1910.  This would later be refurbished and rechristened as Federal League Park, the home of that circuit’s St. Louis Terriers.  Here’s a Sanborn map from 1908, again courtesy of Kevin Johnson:


According to an article Kevin found in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August 2, 1910, p. 9), nearby (white) residents had signed a petition to grant permission for “amateur baseball games” to be held at Handlan Park.  But when

the players and spectators proved to be negroes, and when yellow banners appeared on the park fence announcing that the place was ‘the only negro summer garden in St. Louis’, the signers realized that a light mulatto, with close-cropped hair, had been mistaken for a white man.”

The white residents then claimed they had been purposefully deceived, and organized a movement to drive the black ballplayers, entertainers, and spectators out of the neighborhood.

Charlie Mills and his St. Louis Giants really faced two problems when trying to secure a home park: the difficulty of obtaining access to enough capital, which tended to put them at the mercies of white businessmen; and a local geography of racism that made it difficult to locate the proper facilities in the “right” neighborhoods.  The North Broadway area in which “Kuebler’s park” was located was quite distant from the most important black areas of the city, for example.

As Mills put it in his 1919 article, “They kept me moving from park to park until I was ‘blue in the face’.”  In the second part I’ll chronicle some of these movements in the 1910s and how they were put to a (temporary) end in 1919 with the construction of Giants Park.

lewis park, 1927

Back in 2001, Bill James wrote in the Negro leagues section of the New Historical Baseball Abstract that “[t]he only park I know of built specifically for the Negro Leaguers was White Sox Park in Los Angeles, built by Joe Pirrone, who was the man behind the California Winter Leagues” (p. 178).  Eric Enders responded, first, that Pirrone’s park was for the integrated California Winter League, not for the Negro leagues, and, second, that “[t]here are several parks that James is apparently unaware of which WERE built specifically for Negro Leaguers, most notably Greenlee Field in Pittsburgh and Stars Park in St. Louis.”  James acknowledged his error, albeit a little vaguely, in a postscript to the paperback edition.

As Eric pointed out, there were a number of parks that were purpose-built for Negro league teams, such as Pittsburgh’s Central Park, originally constructed to house Sell Hall’s American Giants in the summer of 1920.  By 1921 the park’s owner, Alexander “Don” Williams, had founded his own Pittsburgh Keystones to play there.

Kevin Johnson has found a Sanborn fire insurance map showing another: Lewis Park, the home of the Memphis Red Sox.  It was built by Robert Lewis, a funeral home director who owned the Red Sox in the early 1920s.  In the 1930s it was renamed after new owners, the Martin brothers, one of whom (J. B.) eventually became president of the Negro American League.  Lewis/Martin Park would house the Red Sox for forty years.